SECTION I - ( MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS) - 20 MARKS)
Instructions: Answer all Questions; Choose one best option that fits the stem statement.
1. One of the following is an indicator of AIDS
a) CD4 count lower than 200/ml
b) CD4 count more than 400/ml
c) CD4 count lower than600/ml
d) Cd4 count lower than1000/ml
2. Definition for epidemiology
a) Existing in the form of a widespread epidemic that affects people in many different countries
b) Study of origin & spread (cause & transmission) of a disease within a population
c) An outbreak of a disease that spreads more quickly and more extensively among a group of people
d) The number of cases existing at a particular time for a defined population
3. One of the following statements is true about HIV/AIDS
a) HIV was identified in 1982
b) The acronym AIDS was coined in 1984
c) SIV mutated into HIV
d) SIV changed to HIV by zoonosis
4. A pair of theories that are interrelated
a) Conspiracy (man made) theory and colonialism (heart of darkness) theory
b) Contaminated needle theory and oral polio vaccine (OPV) theory
c) Contaminated needle theory and hunter theory
d) Oral polio vaccine (OPV) theory and contaminated needle theory
5. One of the following early instances of HIV infections is correctly matched to the year
a) 1959 – a DRC adult female lymph node sample
b) 1960 – a Norwegian sailor tissue sample
c) 1969 – a teenager in St. Louis, America, tissue sample
d) 1976 – a DRC adult male plasma sample
6. Results from KAIS (2007) indicate that _____________percent of Kenyan adults age 15 -64 are infected with HIV.
a) 6.7
b) 8.4
c) 7.4
d) 6.4
7. According to the KIAS report of 2007, _______________has the lowest HIV prevalence
a) Eastern
b) North Eastern
c) Coast
d) Western
8. Group M of HIV-1 consists of multiple genetic subtypes A,B,C,D,E,F,G,H,J,K. Which of these is more virulent than others
a) A
b) B
c) C
d) D
9. One of the following classes of ARVs is correctly matched to examples of drugs
a) NRTSs – Lamivudine, Didanosine, Stavudine,
b) NNTRIs – Efavirenz, Nevirapine, Delavirdine, Ritonavir
c) Protease inhibitors – Indinavir, Lopinavir, Abacavir
d) Immnomodulators – Enfuvirtide, Enfuvirtide
10. ___________is both an inductor & and inhibitor of the cyt.P450 isoenzyme.
a) Efavirenz
b) Ritonavir
c) Nevirapine
d) Stavudine
11. HIV is not spread through
a) Wet kissing
b) Breastfeeding
c) Hugging
d) Tattooing
12. A correct specific recommendation when to start ART in children is
a) WHO stage II when TLC is <200/mm3
b) WHO stage I or II disease if CD4 count <200/mm3
c) WHO stage III disease if CD4 count is < 200/mm3
d) WHO stage IV disease if CD4 count is < 350/mm3
13. Efavirenz and Nevirapine may be used interchangeably in cases where one or the other is not tolerated well or can not be used
a) True
b) False
14. Core protein of the HIV virus include
a) P17
b) P16
c) P24
d) P22
15. The main reason for altering a patient’s ARV drug regimen
a) Drug Intolerance
b) Patients request
c) nausea
d) Pregnancy
16. Genital warts are caused by
a) Human papilloma virus
b) Herpes simplex
c) Hepatitis B
d) Chlamydia
17. A clinical features of stage 3 in pediatric HIV
a) Oral candidiasis (thrush) after 2 months
b) Pulmonary tuberclosis (TB) or lymph node TB
c) Recurrent severe bacterial meningitis
d) Severe, recurrent bacterial pneumonia
18. Children have more side effects than adults to ARVs
a) True
b) False
19. True about Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome
a) Aspergillus, C.albicans, P.jiroveci and hepatitis B are commonly implicated
b) Consistent clinical improvement after staring HAART
c) Presents within 2 weeks after initiating HAART
d) Managed by temporarily modifying HAART
20. Abortion is a complication associated with
a) Syphilis
b) Gonorrhea
c) Candidiasis
d) Chlamydia.
SECTION B: SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS – 40 Marks
1. Illustrate on a graph the immune response to HIV infection in reference to CD4 cells, HIV-antibodies and HIV RNA copies (8marks)
2. What is voluntary counseling and Testing? Identify five Ethical and Legal Issues to consider (8 marks)
3. Explain three criteria used to evaluate success and failure of ARV treatment and their timings in response to treatment? (8 marks)
4. Describe four ways of controlling sexually transmitted infections ( 8marks)
5. Outline four ways in which HIV may be acquired by children from their mothers who are HIV positive and identify three patterns of manifestations in pediatric HIV Infection (8 marks)
SECTION C: LONG ESSAY QUESTIONS - 40 Marks
1. Sub-Saharani Africa is the home to HIV/AIDS. Discuss this statement with reference to possible factors fueling the spread of HIV (20 marks)
2. Describe the structure of HIV and its significance to its survival in the host cell (CD4T cell) (20 marks)
